Deforestation has emerged as one of the leading causes of environmental degradation and socio-economic instability in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. In Nigeria, the rapid loss of forest cover, driven by agricultural expansion, fuelwood collection, and illegal logging, has resulted in the depletion of critical natural resources, exacerbating poverty in rural communities. This study investigates the long-term effects of deforestation on rural poverty in Gombe State, Nigeria, using a mixedmethods approach that combines quantitative and qualitative data. The study draws on survey data from 450 rural households across three Local Government Areas (LGAs) Akko, Billiri, and Funakaye to assess the socio-economic impacts of deforestation. The survey examines household dependence on forest resources, agricultural productivity, food security, and access to water and fuelwood. In addition, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with key informants and local community members provide a nuanced understanding of the socio-cultural and institutional factors influencing deforestation practices. The findings reveal a strong correlation between deforestation and increased poverty levels. Specifically, households that are more dependent on forest resources for fuelwood, timber, and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are more likely to experience higher levels of poverty, reduced agricultural productivity, and increased food insecurity. Regression analysis indicates that deforestation is a significant predictor of household poverty, with the extent of forest loss and household dependence on forest products being key factors. The study also highlights the role of education and secure land tenure in mitigating the adverse effects of deforestation. Despite the recognition of deforestation as a critical issue, the survey findings indicate a significant gap in the awareness and implementation of government policies aimed at reducing deforestation and supporting sustainable livelihoods. The study concludes that deforestation in Gombe State has a detrimental impact on rural poverty, exacerbating food insecurity, reducing access to vital resources, and contributing to socio-economic instability. To address these challenges, the study recommends promoting sustainable agricultural practices, introducing alternative energy sources, strengthening community-based forest management programs, and improving education and awareness on environmental conservation. Additionally, policy reforms aimed at securing land tenure and enhancing community participation in forest management are essential to reducing deforestation and poverty in rural Gombe State. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers, environmentalists, and development practitioners seeking to break the cycle of environmental degradation and poverty in rural Nigeria.