This research investigates the influence of human capital development on poverty levels in Nigeria, employing multiple regression analysis as its methodological approach. The results of the study reveal that the regression analysis demonstrates a significant relationship between human capital development quantified by literacy rates and government spending on education and health and poverty levels. Furthermore, the unemployment rate exhibits a positive coefficient, suggesting that an increase in unemployment correlates with heightened poverty levels, which is consistent with anticipated outcomes. Consequently, the study advises that the government should enhance the quality of service delivery and infrastructure in public educational institutions and healthcare facilities, particularly in rural regions. It also recommends the expansion of adult literacy initiatives, the promotion of free and compulsory basic education, the strengthening of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) programs to provide citizens with marketable skills, and the support of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) through improved access to financing and training. Additionally, the government is urged to allocate a minimum of 15–20% of the national budget to education and 10–15% to health, in accordance with international standards set by UNESCO and WHO.