Mining has been central to South Africa's economic development for over a century, contributing significantly to national income, employment, exports and industrialisation. However, despite their substantial economic contribution, many mining towns continue to experience persistent socio-economic challenges, including unemployment, poverty, deteriorating infrastructure, environmental degradation, weak municipal governance and limited economic diversification. This study examines the effectiveness of South Africa's policy and governance framework in revitalising mining towns into sustainable, resilient and inclusive communities. It seeks to develop a comprehensive policy-driven framework that promotes long-term socio-economic development, environmental sustainability and post-mining community resilience. The development of South African mining towns has largely been driven by extractive economic activities rather than sustainable territorial development. Although the country has established an extensive legislative and policy framework—including the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act, the Mining Charter, Social and Labour Plans, the National Development Plan 2030, the District Development Model and the Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act—implementation remains fragmented, poorly coordinated and inconsistently monitored. Consequently, many mining communities continue to experience governance failures, inadequate service delivery, declining municipal capacity and economic vulnerability, particularly in the context of mine closures and the Just Energy Transition. The absence of an integrated policy framework for sustainable mining-town revitalisation represents a significant gap in both policy and scholarly literature. The study adopts a qualitative research approach based on an extensive review and critical analysis of secondary data. Data were obtained from peer-reviewed journal articles, government legislation, policy documents, official reports, municipal governance reports, international development publications and industry reports relating to mining-town development in South Africa. A thematic content analysis was employed to identify recurring governance, policy, socio-economic and environmental issues affecting mining communities. The analysis further examined the alignment and effectiveness of existing legislative and institutional frameworks in promoting sustainable local development and identified international best practices relevant to the South African context. The study finds that South Africa possesses a comprehensive legislative and policy framework to support sustainable mining-community development; however, implementation is constrained by fragmented governance, weak intergovernmental coordination, limited municipal capacity, inadequate monitoring of Social and Labour Plans and insufficient community participation. The findings further reveal that many mining towns remain economically dependent on mineral extraction, making them vulnerable to mine closures, commodity market fluctuations and the transition towards a low-carbon economy. Environmental degradation, deteriorating infrastructure and limited economic diversification continue to undermine long-term community resilience. The study concludes that sustainable revitalisation requires integrated governance, stronger institutional collaboration, effective policy implementation, economic diversification, environmental rehabilitation, inclusive stakeholder participation and improved municipal planning. The study concludes that the future sustainability of South Africa's mining towns depends on a deliberate transition from extraction-driven development towards integrated, policy-driven community revitalisation. Sustainable mining communities cannot be achieved through isolated corporate social investment initiatives or fragmented government interventions alone. Instead, coordinated governance.