The purpose of this study is to examine the role of substance abuse in driving violent crime within South African townships. It seeks to understand the socioeconomic, environmental, and individual factors that contribute to substance use and its direct and indirect links to violent behaviour, including assault, murder, and gender-based violence. This study investigates how substance abuse (alcohol, methamphetamine/tik, cannabis and other illicit drugs) contributes to violent crime in South African townships. Violent crime in South African townships remains a critical societal challenge, with substance abuse identified as a key driver. Despite existing interventions, rates of alcohol- and drug-related violence continue to rise, affecting youth, women, and broader community safety. Limited empirical studies focus on the interplay between substance abuse, township-specific socio-economic factors, and violent crime, leaving a gap in targeted, evidence-based strategies. A systematic qualitative and quantitative approach was employed, combining:Document analysis of SAPS crime reports, SANCA and SACENDU data (2020–2025), and government policy documents; Literature review integrating recent (2020–2025) and older sources; Case studies of selected township areas to examine patterns of substance abuse and violent crime; Stakeholder interviews with police officials, community leaders, and NGO representatives to capture local perspectives. This mixed-method, systematic approach allowed for triangulation of data to ensure reliability and contextual relevance. The study contributes to both theory and practice by: Theoretically integrating Social Disorganisation Theory, Strain Theory, and Routine Activity Theory to contextualize substance-related violent crime in townships. Empirically providing upto-date evidence on the prevalence, drivers, and consequences of substance abuse in township communities. Practically offering actionable recommendations for government, police, justice departments, NGOs, community leaders, and other stakeholders to design coordinated, multi-sectoral interventions. Substance abuse is a significant driver of violent crime, particularly murder, assault, and gender-based violence in townships. Socioeconomic factors poverty, unemployment, and weak social cohesion exacerbate substance abuse and violent behavior. Youth are particularly vulnerable to substance use and criminal involvement, often influenced by peer pressure and lack of recreational opportunities. Current interventions are fragmented and limited, lacking integration between law enforcement, rehabilitation programs, and community initiatives. Multi-stakeholder collaboration is critical for effective prevention, early intervention, and rehabilitation. The study underscores the complex interplay between substance abuse and violent crime in South African townships. By providing a holistic understanding of the contributing factors and emphasizing multi-sectoral collaboration, the study informs evidence-based strategies for prevention and intervention. Implementation of the recommendations has the potential to enhance community safety, reduce violent crime, and support sustainable social development in township areas.