Background: Camel milk (Camelus dromedarius) is a rich source of bioactive compounds, including lactoferrin, immunoglobulins, and insulin-like proteins, with demonstrated therapeutic potential against metabolic, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. Its unique composition, characterized by high vitamin C, low lactose, and absence of β-lactoglobulin, distinguishes it from other ruminant milks and underpins its hypoallergenic and nutraceutical properties. Objective: This review synthesizes current evidence on camel milk’s anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet/antithrombotic, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic activities, emphasizing its mechanistic pathways and clinical applications. Key Findings: Antidiabetic Effects: Camel milk insulin (42 μU/mL) resists gastric degradation, reducing blood glucose and HbA1c levels by up to 15% in type 1 diabetics and lowering insulin requirements by 30–35%. Bioactive peptides inhibit DPP-IV, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase, enhancing pancreatic β-cell function. Anti-inflammatory & Immunomodulatory Properties: Lactoferrin and immunoglobulins suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, COX-2) and modulate oxidative stress via SOD/CAT upregulation. Antimicrobial Activity: Lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, and LAB isolates (e.g., Ligilactobacillus salivarius) exhibit bactericidal effects against Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and multidrug-resistant Salmonella. Antiplatelet/Antithrombotic Effects: Peptides derived from κ-casein inhibit fibrinogen binding to αIIbβ3 receptors, prolonging bleeding time and reducing thromboxane B2 synthesis. Conclusion: Camel milk’s multifunctional bioactive components offer promising avenues for adjuvant therapies in diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and infections. Further clinical trials are needed to standardize dosing and evaluate synergistic effects with conventional drugs.